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Presentation

Combustion characteristics of ammonia/air flames for a model swirl burner and an actual gas turbine combustor

Akihiro Hayakawa K.D. Kunkuma A. Somarathne Ekenechukwu Chijioke Okafor Taku Kudo Osamu Kurata Norihiko Iki Hideaki Kobayashi

Ammonia is expected not only as hydrogen energy carrier but also as carbon free fuel. For an industrial use of ammonia combustor, ammonia flame stabilized on a swirl combustor should be clarified. However, in order to realize an ammonia-fueled combustor, there are some issues to be solved, such as a difficulty of flame stabilization and reductions of NOx and ammonia emission. In this study, stabilization and emission characteristics of ammonia / air flames stabilized by a model swirl burner are investigated. The outer and inner diameters of the swirler are 24 mm and 14 mm, respectively, and the swirl number…

Presentation

NOx emission analysis and flame stabilization of ammonia-hydrogen-air premixed flames

Hadi Nozari Arif Karabeyoğlu

Based on its well-known merits, ammonia has been gaining special attention as a potential renewable energy carrier which can be replaced in power generation units. One of the major challenges with ammonia as a fuel is NOx emission, which has a complex underlying chemical kinetics. In an earlier chemical kinetics study by the authors, NOx formation sensitivity was thoroughly studied in a wide range of combustion conditions [Nozari & Karabeyoğlu, J.Fuel 2015]. As the next step, premixed ammonia-hydrogen-air flames are studied experimentally in standard temperature and pressure condition. Effects of some major influential parameters on NOx emission levels are investigated:…

Presentation

Power Generation and Flame Visualization of Micro Gas Turbine Firing Ammonia or Ammonia-Methane Mixture

Norihiko Iki Osamu Kurata Takayuki Matsunuma Takahiro Inoue Taku Tsujimura Hirohide Furutani Hideaki Kobayashi Akihiro Hayakawa

A demonstration test with the aim to show the potential of ammonia-fired power plant is planned using a micro gas turbine. 50kW class turbine system firing kerosene is selected as a base model. A standard combustor is replaced to a prototype combustor which enables a bi-fuel supply of kerosene and ammonia gas. Diffusion combustion is employed to the prototype combustor due to its flame stability. 44kW power generation was achieved by 100% heat from ammonia gas. Although NOx concentration in the exhaust gas of ammonia combustion exceeded 500ppm, NOx removal equipment reduced NOx concentration below 10ppm. Over 30kW power generation…

Presentation

Research and Development of Ammonia-fueled SOFC Systems

Koichi Eguchi Atthapon Srifa Takeou Okanishi Hiroki Muroyama Toshiaki Matsui Masashi Kishimoto Motohiro Saito Hiroshi Iwai Hideo Yoshida Masaki Saito Takeshi Koide Hiroyuki Iwai Shinsuke Suzuki Yosuke Takahashi Toshitaka Horiuchi Hayahide Yamasaki Shohei Matsumoto Shuji Yumoto Hidehito Kubo Jun Kawahara Akihiro Okabe Yuki Kikkawa Takenori Isomura

Ammonia is a promising hydrogen carrier because of its high hydrogen density, low production cost, and ease in liquefaction and transport. Ammonia decomposes into nitrogen and hydrogen through a mildly endothermic process. The ammonia decomposition temperature is close to the operating conditions of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Therefore, the integration of these two devices is beneficial in terms of efficient heat and energy managements and will lead to the development of simplified generation systems. We have investigated three types of ammonia-fueled SOFC systems. In one system, ammonia is directly supplied to the anode chamber. Ammonia decomposes into nitrogen and…

Presentation

Cracking ammonia

Bill David Josh Makepeace Hazel Hunter Thomas Wood

In this talk, I will discuss our latest research in developing novel ammonia cracking catalysts. While ammonia can be used directly as a fuel in high temperature fuel cells, internal combustion engines and gas turbine, the ability to crack ammonia affordably and effectively increases the range of possibilities for utilising ammonia as an energy vector. For example, the production of an ammonia-free hydrogen/nitrogen gas mixture permits the consideration of ammonia as an on-board hydrogen storage option for transportation. Furthermore, the ability to partly crack ammonia provides an increased flexibility for internal combustion engines. I will outline developments in our search…

Presentation

Applications of hydrogen permeable membranes in ammonia synthesis and decomposition

Sean Lundin Thomas F. Fuerst Jason Ganley Colin A. Wolden J. Douglas Way

It is well known that ammonia is being considered as a method of storing hydrogen. Although some fuel cells are being developed that can use ammonia directly as a fuel source, many fuel cell technologies still require an outside cracker to revert ammonia back into hydrogen for efficient use. In this regard, hydrogen permeable membranes, such as Pd and its alloys, have been targeted as potential membrane reactors in which the ammonia is cracked while the hydrogen is simultaneously separated. Pd and its alloys are expensive, but offer potentially perfect hydrogen purity that is highly preferable for certain fuel cells…

Presentation

Ammonia Safety Public Awareness

John Scherer Jeremy Olberding

Ammonia Safety Public Awareness John Scherer*, Jeremy Olberding, Global Cold Chain Alliance

Presentation

Progress in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia

V Kyriakou I Garagounis E Vasileiou A Vourros M Stoukides

Ammonia is one of the most important and widely produced chemicals worldwide with a key role in the growth of human population. Nowadays, the main route for ammonia synthesis is the Haber-Bosch process, developed one century ago. In this process, Fe-based catalysts are usually employed at temperatures between 400 and 500°C and pressures between 130 and 170 bar. As opposed to the industrial process, in nature, plants and bacteria have been producing ammonia for millions of years at mild conditions. Atmospheric nitrogen is reduced by solvated protons on the FeMo cofactor of the metalloenzyme nitrogenase. The natural method of nitrogen…

Presentation

Small Scale Low-Pressure Ammonia Synthesis

Mahdi Malmali Michael Reese Alon McCormick Edward Cussler

Ammonia is one of the most important chemical commodities in the US and will be a key component in helping the world meet the rising demand for food and energy. Ammonia is needed in distributed locations for agriculture (as fertilizer for small grain and corn production), for indirect hydrogen storage1 (transported as a liquid at moderate pressure to hydrogen stations), or as a liquid fuel2 (for internal combustion engines or solid oxide fuel cells). Recently, there has been significant effort to develop scalable technologies for conversion of intermittent energies (e.g., solar, wind) into energy dense carbon-neutral liquid fuels, and ammonia…

Presentation

Ammonia Fuel Cell and Fuel Synthesis Using Protonic Ceramics

Chuancheng Duan Jianhua Tong Jason Ganley Ryan O'Hayre

Proton-conducting ceramics synthesized with solid-state reactive sintering are employed as electrolytes for the synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen gases in electrolytic cells. Additionally, these cells function with excellent long-term stability and high efficiency when operated in galvanic (fuel cell) mode using ammonia fuel. Advances in electrolyte compositions and synthesis techniques are discussed alongside cell performance metrics.